Template:Infobox germanium/sandbox

From blackwiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search

[[Category:Template:Pagetype with short description]]

Germanium, 32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pronunciation/ərˈmniəm/ (Template:Respell)
Appearancegrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ge)Template:Val[1]
Germanium in the periodic table
Template:Periodic table (32 columns, micro) Si

Ge

Sn
galliumgermaniumarsenic
Atomic number (Z)32
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureface-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[3]
Young's modulus103 GPa[4]
Shear modulus41 GPa[4]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[4]
Poisson ratio0.26[4]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Namingafter Germany, homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
DiscoveryClemens Winkler (1886)
Main isotopes of germanium
[[Isotope|IsoTemplate:Shytope]] [[Natural abundance|AbunTemplate:Shydance]] Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode [[Decay product|ProTemplate:Shyduct]]
68Ge syn 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 21.23% stable
71Ge syn 11.26 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.66% stable
73Ge 7.73% stable
74Ge 35.94% stable
76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y ββ 76Se
Category Category: Germanium
| references

References

  1. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  2. "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  3. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".