Template:Infobox gallium

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[[Category:Template:Pagetype with short description]]

Gallium, 31Ga
Gallium crystals.jpg
Gallium
Pronunciation/ˈɡæliəm/ (Template:Respell)
Appearancesilvery blue
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ga)Template:Val[1]
Gallium in the periodic table
Template:Periodic table (32 columns, micro) Al

Ga

In
zincgalliumgermanium
Atomic number (Z)31
Groupgroup 13 (boron group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
Boiling point2673 K ​(2400 °C, ​4352 °F)[2]
Density (near r.t.)5.91 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization256 kJ/mol[2]
Molar heat capacity25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−5, −4, −3,[3] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[4] (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius187 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of gallium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureorthorhombic
Orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium
Speed of sound thin rod2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity40.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility−21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[5]
Young's modulus9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio0.47
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number7440-55-3
History
Namingafter Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Main isotopes of gallium
[[Isotope|IsoTemplate:Shytope]] [[Natural abundance|AbunTemplate:Shydance]] Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode [[Decay product|ProTemplate:Shyduct]]
66Ga syn 9.5 h β+ 66Zn
67Ga syn 3.3 d ε 67Zn
68Ga syn 1.2 h β+ 68Zn
69Ga 60.11% stable
70Ga syn 21 min β 70Ge
ε 70Zn
71Ga 39.89% stable
72Ga syn 14.1 h β 72Ge
73Ga syn 4.9 h β 73Ge
Category Category: Gallium
| references

[[Category:Infobox templates|Template:Remove first word]]

data m.p. cat
in calc from C diff report ref
C 29.7646
K 302.9146 302.9146 0
F 85.5763 85.5763 0 Template:Subpage other
max precision 4
WD Template:Wikidata Script error: No such module "EditAtWikidata". Template:Wikidata
input C: 29.7646, K: 302.9146, F: 85.5763
comment
data b.p. cat
in calc from C diff report ref
C 2400
K 2673 2670 3 delta
F 4352 4350 2 delta Template:Subpage other
max precision 0
WD Template:Wikidata Script error: No such module "EditAtWikidata". Template:Wikidata
input C: 2400, K: 2673, F: 4352
comment [2]
Zn ←

i'box Zn

iso
31
Ga (E)
→ Ge

i'box Ge

  Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Category (enwiki)
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Term symbol * (cmt, ref)
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2019-02-03)
See also {{Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox}}

References

  1. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
  3. Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
  4. Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
  5. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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