Template:/æ/ raising in North American English
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Following consonant |
Example words[2] |
New York City,[2] New Orleans[3] |
Baltimore, Philadel- phia[2][4] |
General American, New England, Western US |
Midland US, Pittsburgh |
Southern US |
Canada, Northern Mountain US |
Minnesota, Wisconsin |
Great Lakes US |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-prevocalic /m, n/ |
fan, lamb, stand | [ɛə][5][upper-alpha 1][upper-alpha 2] | [ɛə][5] | [ɛə] | [ɛə~ɛjə][7] | [ɛə][8] | [ɛə][9][5] | ||
Prevocalic /m, n/ |
animal, planet, Spanish |
[æ] | |||||||
/ŋ/[10] | frank, language | [eɪ][11] | [æ][10] | [æ~æɛə][7] | [ɛː~ɛj][8] | [eː~ej][12] | |||
Non-prevocalic /ɡ/ |
bag, drag | [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] | [æ][upper-alpha 3] | [æ][5] | |||||
Prevocalic /ɡ/ | dragon, magazine | [æ] | |||||||
Non-prevocalic /b, d, ʃ/ |
grab, flash, sad | [ɛə][upper-alpha 1] | [æ][13] | [ɛə][13] | |||||
Non-prevocalic /f, θ, s/ |
ask, bath, half, glass |
[ɛə][upper-alpha 1] | |||||||
Otherwise | as, back, happy, locality |
[æ][upper-alpha 4] | |||||||
Template:Notelist-ua |
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–4.
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 260–1.
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 238–9.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2.
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Boberg (2008), p. 145.
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–7.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183.
- ↑ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
- ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–2.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
- ↑ Labov (2007), p. 359.
- ↑ Labov (2007), p. 373.
Template documentation
Required references
This template requires the following works be cited elsewhere in the article using {{cite xxx}}
or {{citation}}
.
- Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2.
- Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648.
- Duncan, Daniel (2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study" (PDF). In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.
- Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845.
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
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