Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group
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- Oxidation state data ( )
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Automated used in {{Infobox element}} (talk):
- Hg: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hg}} → −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)
- Hs: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hs}} → (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[1][2][3] (parenthesized: prediction)
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Data
Collapse Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
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Z | Name | Symbol | complete | main | group | val | note | ||
1 | hydrogen | H | −1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) | −1, +1 | 1 | I | |||
2 | helium | He | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
3 | lithium | Li | +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
4 | beryllium | Be | 0,[4] +1,[5] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
5 | boron | B | −5, −1, 0,[6] +1, +2, +3[7][8] (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
6 | carbon | C | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[9] +2, +3,[10] +4[11] (a mildly acidic oxide) | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
7 | nitrogen | N | −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
8 | oxygen | O | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 | −2 | 16 | VI | |||
9 | fluorine | F | −1 (oxidizes oxygen) | −1 | 17 | VII | |||
10 | neon | Ne | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
11 | sodium | Na | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
12 | magnesium | Mg | +1,[12] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
13 | aluminium | Al | −2, −1, +1,[13] +2,[14] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
14 | silicon | Si | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[15] +1,[16] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
15 | phosphorus | P | −3, −2, −1, 0,[17] +1,[18] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
16 | sulfur | S | −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
17 | chlorine | Cl | −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 17 | VII | |||
18 | argon | Ar | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
19 | potassium | K | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
20 | calcium | Ca | +1,[19] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
21 | scandium | Sc | 0,[20] +1,[21] +2,[22] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 3 | III | |||
22 | titanium | Ti | −2, −1, 0,[23] +1, +2, +3, +4[24] (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
23 | vanadium | V | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
24 | chromium | Cr | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
25 | manganese | Mn | −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) | +2, +4, +7 | 7 | VII | |||
26 | iron | Fe | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[25] +2, +3, +4, +5,[26] +6, +7[27] (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3, +6 | 8 | VIII | |||
27 | cobalt | Co | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[28] (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +3 | 9 | VIII | |||
28 | nickel | Ni | −2, −1, 0, +1,[29] +2, +3, +4[30] (a mildly basic oxide) | +2 | 10 | VIII | |||
29 | copper | Cu | −2, 0,[31] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +2 | 11 | I | |||
30 | zinc | Zn | −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2 | 12 | II | |||
31 | gallium | Ga | −5, −4, −3,[32] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[33] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
32 | germanium | Ge | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[34] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
33 | arsenic | As | −3, −2, −1, 0,[35] +1,[36] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
34 | selenium | Se | −2, −1, +1,[37] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
35 | bromine | Br | −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5 | 17 | VII | |||
36 | krypton | Kr | 0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
37 | rubidium | Rb | −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
38 | strontium | Sr | +1,[38] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
39 | yttrium | Y | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | 3 | III | |||
40 | zirconium | Zr | −2, 0, +1,[40] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
41 | niobium | Nb | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
42 | molybdenum | Mo | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[41] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) | +4, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
43 | technetium | Tc | −3, −1, 0, +1,[42] +2, +3,[42] +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | +4, +7 | 7 | VII | |||
44 | ruthenium | Ru | −4, −2, 0, +1,[43] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3, +4 | 8 | VIII | |||
45 | rhodium | Rh | −3[44], −1, 0, +1,[45] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 9 | VIII | |||
46 | palladium | Pd | 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | 0, +2, +4 | 10 | VIII | |||
47 | silver | Ag | −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide) | +1 | 11 | I | |||
48 | cadmium | Cd | −2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2 | 12 | II | |||
49 | indium | In | −5, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[46] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | 13 | III | |||
50 | tin | Sn | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[47] +1,[48] +2, +3,[49] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | −4, +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
51 | antimony | Sb | −3, −2, −1, 0,[50] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | −3, +3, +5 | 15 | V | |||
52 | tellurium | Te | −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) | −2, +2, +4, +6 | 16 | VI | |||
53 | iodine | I | −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 | 17 | VII | |||
54 | xenon | Xe | 0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
55 | caesium | Cs | −1, +1[51] (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
56 | barium | Ba | +1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
57 | lanthanum | La | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | III | |||
58 | cerium | Ce | +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3, +4 | n/a | - | |||
59 | praseodymium | Pr | 0,[39] +1,[52] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
60 | neodymium | Nd | 0,[39] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
61 | promethium | Pm | +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
62 | samarium | Sm | 0,[39] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
63 | europium | Eu | 0,[39] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2, +3 | n/a | - | |||
64 | gadolinium | Gd | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
65 | terbium | Tb | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
66 | dysprosium | Dy | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
67 | holmium | Ho | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
68 | erbium | Er | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
69 | thulium | Tm | 0,[39] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
70 | ytterbium | Yb | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
71 | lutetium | Lu | 0,[39] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) | +3 | 3 | - | |||
72 | hafnium | Hf | −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | 4 | IV | |||
73 | tantalum | Ta | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
74 | tungsten | W | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4, +6 | 6 | VI | |||
75 | rhenium | Re | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4 | 7 | VII | |||
76 | osmium | Os | −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +4 | 8 | VIII | |||
77 | iridium | Ir | −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[53] | +3, +4 | 9 | VIII | |||
78 | platinum | Pt | −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide) | +2, +4 | 10 | VIII | |||
79 | gold | Au | −3, −2, −1, 0,[54] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) | +1, +3 | 11 | I | |||
80 | mercury | Hg | −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +2 | 12 | II | |||
81 | thallium | Tl | −5,[55] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) | +1, +3 | 13 | III | |||
82 | lead | Pb | −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) | +2, +4 | 14 | IV | |||
83 | bismuth | Bi | −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) | +3 | 15 | V | |||
84 | polonium | Po | −2, +2, +4, +5,[56] +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | −2, +2, +4 | 16 | VI | |||
85 | astatine | At | −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[57] | −1, +1 | 17 | VII | |||
86 | radon | Rn | 0, +2, +6 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
87 | francium | Fr | +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | +1 | 1 | I | |||
88 | radium | Ra | +2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) | +2 | 2 | II | |||
89 | actinium | Ac | +3 (a strongly basic oxide) | +3 | n/a | III | |||
90 | thorium | Th | +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) | +4 | n/a | - | |||
91 | protactinium | Pa | +2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide) | +5 | n/a | - | |||
92 | uranium | U | +1, +2, +3,[58] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) | +6 | n/a | - | |||
93 | neptunium | Np | +2, +3, +4,[59] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) | +5 | n/a | - | |||
94 | plutonium | Pu | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide) | +4 | n/a | - | |||
95 | americium | Am | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
96 | curium | Cm | +3, +4, +5,[60] +6[61] (an amphoteric oxide) | +3 | n/a | - | |||
97 | berkelium | Bk | +2, +3, +4, +5[60] | +3 | n/a | - | |||
98 | californium | Cf | +2, +3, +4, +5[62][60] | +3 | n/a | - | |||
99 | einsteinium | Es | +2, +3, +4 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
100 | fermium | Fm | +2, +3 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
101 | mendelevium | Md | +2, +3 | +3 | n/a | - | |||
102 | nobelium | No | +2, +3 | +2 | n/a | - | |||
103 | lawrencium | Lr | +3 | +3 | 3 | - | |||
104 | rutherfordium | Rf | (+2), (+3), +4[63][64][2] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction) | 4 | IV | |||
105 | dubnium | Db | (+3), (+4), +5[64][2] (parenthesized: prediction) | +5 | 5 | V | |||
106 | seaborgium | Sg | 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[64][2] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction) | 6 | VI | |||
107 | bohrium | Bh | (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[64][2] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction) | 7 | VII | |||
108 | hassium | Hs | (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[1][2][3] (parenthesized: prediction) | (+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction) | 8 | VIII | |||
109 | meitnerium | Mt | (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)[64][65][66][2] | (+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted) | 9 | VIII | |||
110 | darmstadtium | Ds | (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[64][2] | (0), (+2), (+8) (predicted) | 10 | VIII | |||
111 | roentgenium | Rg | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)[64][2][67] | (+3) (predicted) | 11 | I | |||
112 | copernicium | Cn | 0, (+1), +2, (+4) (parenthesized: prediction)[64][68][2] | 0, +2 | 12 | II | |||
113 | nihonium | Nh | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[64][2][69] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 13 | III | |||
114 | flerovium | Fl | (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[64][2][70] | (+2) (predicted) | 14 | IV | |||
115 | moscovium | Mc | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[64][2] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 15 | V | |||
116 | livermorium | Lv | (−2),[71] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[64] | (+2) (predicted) | 16 | VI | |||
117 | tennessine | Ts | (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[2][64] | (+1), (+3) (predicted) | 17 | VII | |||
118 | oganesson | Og | (−1),[64] (0), (+1),[72] (+2),[73] (+4),[73] (+6)[64] (predicted) | (+2), (+4) (predicted) | 18 | 0 | |||
119 | ununennium | Uue | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[64] | (+1) (predicted) | 1 | I | |||
120 | unbinilium | Ubn | (+1),[74] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[64] | (+2) (predicted) | 2 | II | |||
121 | unbiunium | Ubu | (+1), (+3) (predicted)[64][75] | (+3) (predicted) | III | ||||
122 | unbibium | Ubb | (+4) (predicted)[76] | (+4) (predicted) | - | ||||
123 | unbitrium | Ubt | (+5) (predicted)[76] | (+5) (predicted) | |||||
124 | unbiquadium | Ubq | (+6) (predicted)[76] | (+6) (predicted) | |||||
125 | unbipentium | Ubp | (+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)[76] | (+6), (+7) (predicted) | |||||
126 | unbihexium | Ubh | (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[76] | (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted) |
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Hoffman 2006, p. 1691.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Fricke, B. (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". In Tofield, B. C.; Fricke, B. (eds.). Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21. p. 116. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Düllmann, C. E. (2008). Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA (PDF). 7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
- ↑ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
- ↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
- ↑ Melanie Schroeder. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ Bernath, P. F.; Black, J. H.; Brault, J. W. (1985). "The spectrum of magnesium hydride" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 298: 375. Bibcode:1985ApJ...298..375B. doi:10.1086/163620. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
- ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature. 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0. S2CID 4163250.
- ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
- ↑ Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Iii; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2008). "Carbene-Stabilized Diphosphorus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 130 (45): 14970–1. doi:10.1021/ja807828t. PMID 18937460.
- ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2006). "Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
- ↑ Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
- ↑ F. Geoffrey N. Cloke; Karl Khan; Robin N. Perutz (1991). "η-Arene complexes of scandium(0) and scandium(II)". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 1372–1373. doi:10.1039/C39910001372. Unknown parameter
|name-list-style=
ignored (help) - ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1588): 113–127. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..113S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. S2CID 96908213.
- ↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride". Journal of Chemical Physics. 33 (5): 1584–1585. Bibcode:1960JChPh..33.1584M. doi:10.1063/1.1731452.
- ↑ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G., Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6: [Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
- ↑ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
- ↑ Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (2003). "Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ–a4Δ system of FeCl". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 221 (2): 261. Bibcode:2003JMoSp.221..261R. doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X.
- ↑ Demazeau, G.; Buffat, B.; Pouchard, M.; Hagenmuller, P. (1982). "Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of six-coordinated Iron(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
- ↑ Lu, J.; Jian, J.; Huang, W.; Lin, H.; Li, J; Zhou, M. (2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (45): 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP...1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
- ↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
- ↑ Moret, Marc-Etienne; Zhang, Limei; Peters, Jonas C. (2013). "A Polar Copper–Boron One-Electron σ-Bond". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (10): 3792–3795. doi:10.1021/ja4006578. PMID 23418750.
- ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in German). 66b: 1107–1121.
- ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.
- ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ↑ Abraham, Mariham Y.; Wang, Yuzhong; Xie, Yaoming; Wei, Pingrong; Shaefer III, Henry F.; Schleyer, P. von R.; Robinson, Gregory H. (2010). "Carbene Stabilization of Diarsenic: From Hypervalency to Allotropy". Chemistry: A European Journal. 16 (2): 432–5. doi:10.1002/chem.200902840. PMID 19937872.
- ↑ Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). "Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Colarusso, P.; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). "High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175 (1): 158. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019.
- ↑ Jump up to: 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
- ↑ "Zirconium: zirconium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ "Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Jump up to: 42.0 42.1 "Technetium: technetium(III) iodide compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
- ↑ "Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ↑ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
- ↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
- ↑ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ↑ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ↑ Anastas Sidiropoulos. "Studies of N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes of the Main Group Elements" (PDF). p. 39. doi:10.4225/03/5B0F4BDF98F60. S2CID 132399530.
- ↑ Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
- ↑ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295.
- ↑ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
- ↑ Mézaille, Nicolas; Avarvari, Narcis; Maigrot, Nicole; Ricard, Louis; Mathey, François; Le Floch, Pascal; Cataldo, Laurent; Berclaz, Théo; Geoffroy, Michel (1999). "Gold(I) and Gold(0) Complexes of Phosphinine‐Based Macrocycles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38 (21): 3194–3197. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3194::AID-ANIE3194>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 10556900.
- ↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
- ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.
- ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.
- ↑ Jump up to: 60.0 60.1 60.2 Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. PMID 30040397.
- ↑ Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3". Radiochemistry. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. S2CID 98052484.
- ↑ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 1265.
- ↑ "Rutherfordium". Royal Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ↑ Jump up to: 64.00 64.01 64.02 64.03 64.04 64.05 64.06 64.07 64.08 64.09 64.10 64.11 64.12 64.13 64.14 64.15 64.16 64.17 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- ↑ Ionova, G. V.; Ionova, I. S.; Mikhalko, V. K.; Gerasimova, G. A.; Kostrubov, Yu. N.; Suraeva, N. I. (2004). "Halides of Tetravalent Transactinides (Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, 110th Element): Physicochemical Properties". Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 30 (5): 352. doi:10.1023/B:RUCO.0000026006.39497.82. S2CID 96127012.
- ↑ Himmel, Daniel; Knapp, Carsten; Patzschke, Michael; Riedel, Sebastian (2010). "How Far Can We Go? Quantum-Chemical Investigations of Oxidation State +IX". ChemPhysChem. 11 (4): 865–9. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900910. PMID 20127784.
- ↑ Conradie, Jeanet; Ghosh, Abhik (15 June 2019). "Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist". Inorganic Chemistry. 2019 (58): 8735–8738. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139. PMID 31203606.
- ↑ Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Türler, Andreas (2013). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements". The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 415–483. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
- ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". In Barysz, Maria; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki (eds.). Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10. Springer. pp. 63–67. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
- ↑ Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Seth, Michael (2002). "Relativistic Quantum Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements. Closed-Shell Element 114 as a Case Study" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.133. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 83. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
- ↑ Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H. doi:10.1063/1.480842.
- ↑ Jump up to: 73.0 73.1 Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 84. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.
- ↑ Amador, Davi H. T.; de Oliveira, Heibbe C. B.; Sambrano, Julio R.; Gargano, Ricardo; de Macedo, Luiz Guilherme M. (12 September 2016). "4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on rovibrational spectra". Chemical Physics Letters. 662: 169–175. Bibcode:2016CPL...662..169A. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025.
- ↑ Jump up to: 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (1): 161–8. Bibcode:2011PCCP...13..161P. doi:10.1039/c0cp01575j. PMID 20967377.
See also
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- List of oxidation states of the elements, {{List of oxidation states of the elements}}
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