Jim Crow

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"Jim Crow" was a contemptuous slang term for an individual of color (black people). It came to mean any state law passed in the South that set up different rules for blacks and whites [1]and the expression "Jim Crow" commonly alludes to abusive laws and customs once used to limit black rights.[2]

Beginning

Jim Crow laws started in 1877 when the Supreme Court decided that states couldn't forbid isolation on basic methods of transportation like trains, streetcar, and riverboats. Afterward, in 1883, the Supreme Court toppled explicit pieces of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, affirming the "separate but equal" idea. During the following years, states passed laws organizing prerequisites for discrete and equivalent facilities for blacks on open methods of transportation. Individuals of color additionally had separate schools, emergency clinics, houses of worship, burial grounds, bathrooms, and jails, and these facilities were normally mediocre compared to facilities for white individuals, albeit the laws required the different facilities to be of equivalent quality. Jim Crow laws likewise impacted social cooperations among blacks and whites. Inability to authorize these laws brought about fines or detainment.

In the twentieth century, Jim Crow laws kept on overseeing the regular day-to-day existence in America, prohibiting all the interaction between blacks and whites. For example, in the territory of Georgia, blacks and whites needed to utilize separate parks. Under the 1930 law, Blacks and whites couldn't play checkers together in Birmingham, Alabama. Furthermore, in 1935, blacks and whites were prohibited from sailing together in Oklahoma. Blacks who abused these laws could be genuinely beaten by whites without backlash; lynchings happened with surprising recurrence when blacks disregarded Jim Crow laws.[3]

Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws were any of the laws that upheld racial segregation in the American South between the finish of Reconstruction in 1877 and the start of the social liberties development during the 1950s. In its Plessy v. Ferguson choice (1896), the U.S. High Court decided that "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans did not violate the "Fourteenth Amendment." It ignores the evidence that facilities for blacks are not as good as facilities for whites.[4]

Jim Crow was named after a black actor on a television show, and these laws existed for nearly a century, from the post-Civil War period until 1968, and were designed to marginalize African Americans by denying them about the right to vote, hold jobs, receive education, and other freedoms. Those who attempted to overturn Jim Crow laws frequently faced arrest, fines, prison sentences, brutality, and murder. [5]

“The most famous images of Jim Crow segregation are indelible, unforgettable: Separate bathrooms. Separate water fountains. Separate schools.”[6]

There are also the most common laws in Jim Crow: It is prohibited for anybody to marry people of a different race, and business owners must separate customers based on skin color and defend their legal choice to deny service to people based on their race. [7]

An African American man drinking at a water cooler for “colored” people at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City in 1939.

Here is some Jim Crow Laws example from the various states :

  • ALABAMA

Nurses: No individual or company will require any white female medical attendant to nurture in wards or rooms in clinics, either open or private, in which negro men are set.

Buses: All passenger stations in this state worked by any engine transportation organization will have separate sitting areas or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.

Railroads: Each passenger train's conductor is approved and required to allocate each passenger to the car or the compartment of the car (if the compartment is divided), which is designated for the race to which the passenger belongs.

Restaurants: It will be unlawful to direct a café or other spot for the serving of food in the city, at which white and minorities individuals are served in a similar room, except if such white and colored people are strongly isolated by a strong compartment stretching out from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and except if a different passage from the road is accommodated every compartment.

Pool and Billiard Rooms: It will be unlawful for a negro and white individual to play together or in organization with one another at any round of pool or billiards.

Toilet Facilities, Male: Every employer of white or black men shall provide these white or black men with independent toilets that are reasonably accessible.

  • ARIZONA

Intermarriage: Marriage between a Caucasian and a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu is invalid.

  • FLORIDA
A sign at a bus station in Rome, Georgia, in 1943, indicating a separate waiting area for Black people under Jim Crow law.

Intermarriage: all marriages between whites and blacks or between whites and blacks inherit until the fourth generation are always forbidden.

Cohabitation: Any black and white women, or white and black women who are not married to each other, shall habitually live in the same room at night and live at night, and shall be sentenced to imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or not A fine of more than five hundred U.S. dollars ($500.00).

Education: Schools for white students and schools for black students will be operated separately.

Juvenile Delinquents: There will be different building, not closer than one fourth mile to one another, one for white young men and one for negro young men. White young men and negro young men will not, in any way, be related together or cooperated.

  • GEORGIA

Mental Hospitals: The control committee should ensure that appropriate and different apartments are arranged for the aforementioned patients so that blacks and whites cannot be together under any circumstances.

Intermarriage: It is illegal for a white man to marry anyone other than a white man. Any marriage that violates the provisions of this section is invalid.

Barbers: Colored hairdressers should not serve white women or girls.

Burial: The officer who in charge will not bury , or permit to be buried, any black people upon ground set apart or utilized for the burrial of white people.

Restaurants: All people authorized to direct a café, will serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals only and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room or serve the two races anyplace under a similar permit.

Amateur Baseball: It will be unlawful for any beginner white ball club to play baseball on any empty lot or baseball field inside two squares of a playground gave to the Negro race, and it will be unlawful for any beginner colored baseball club to play baseball in any empty part or baseball field inside two squares of any playground gave to the white race.

Parks: It will be unlawful for black people to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the advantage, use and delight in white persons...and unlawful for any white individual to visit any park claimed or kept up by the city for the utilization and advantage of black people.

Wine and Beer: All people authorized to lead the matter of selling brew or wine...shall serve either white individuals only or minorities individuals solely and will not offer to the two races inside a similar room

  • KENTUCKY

Reform Schools: All the kids of white and black people who dedicated on the reform house will be kept completely separate from one another.[8]

Is Jim Crow A Person?

Thomas D. Rice depicted as the character Jim Crow drawn by Edward Williams Clay.

The name Jim Crow originated from an actor performing at a popular song and dance performance, one of the most popular performances touring the country from the 1820s to the 1870s.  In one of the tours, the white actor Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice portrayed an elderly black slave, Jim Crow. Rice appeared on the stage with a "black face". He had a dark face, burnt corks, and worn out work clothes. He dipped his bare feet on the stage and carried the banjo. His routine included jokes and a song and dance number called "Jim Crow," which was played in a white version of a black dialect.

There were at least 44 verses in the entire song.

The first verse :

Come, listen all you gals and boys, Ise just from Tuckyhoe;

I'm goin' to sing a little song, My name's Jim Crow.

Chorus :

Weel about and turn about and do jis so,

Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.

Rice said he initially heard the song while strolling down the rear entryway in Louisville, Kentucky. The artist, an older black slave, worked in a metalworker's shop and was called Jim. Rice picked "Crow" since crows are dark. [9]

The public adored Rice and his character "Jim Crow". From the 1830s to the 1850s, Rice went around the nation acting in singer shows. These shows comprised of comedic plays, melodies, assortment acts, and moving and ordinarily propagating negative generalizations of African Americans for amusement. With Rice's notoriety, entertainer shows turned into a main type of diversion until the Civil War and different entertainers started to duplicate Rice's character and styling. The act of scouring stopper all over got known as "blackface" and turned into a standard expansion to the shows. "Jim Crow" got shorthand for "African American" and kept going after Rice passed on and entertainer shows lost their popularity.[10]

Ending

Jim Crow segregation went under expanding assault following the Second World War. In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color line in baseball when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. In 1948, President Truman gave a chief request for authoritatively integrating the US military.

In any case, it was not until 1954 that the Plessy choice was upset in the case of Brown v. Leading body of Education of Topeka when the Supreme Court decided that isolated facilities were "inherently unequal." Throughout the 1960s, Jim Crow has been demolished one by one thanks to the work of the Civil Rights Movement (opens in a new window), and his legislation made it illegal to isolate public facilities, suppress voting, discriminate against housing, or prohibit marriage from a different race..[11]

External Link

  • More about Laws in Jim Crow Era, here
  • Jim Jump Crow song, here

References

  1. A Brief History of Jim Crow. www.crf-usa.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  2. EVAN ANDREWS. Was Jim Crow a real person?. August 31, 2018. www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  3. A Brief history of Jim Crow Laws. onlinellm.usc.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  4. Melvin I. Urofsky. Jim Crow law. 1877-1954. www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  5. Jim Crow Laws. February 28, 2018. www.history.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  6. STEVE LUXENBERG. The Forgotten Northern Origins of Jim Crow. February 12, 2019. time.com. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  7. Leslie Vincent Tischauser. Jim Crow Laws. 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  8. Examples of Jim Crow Laws - Oct. 1960 - Civil Rights. www.ferris.edu. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  9. Leslie Vincent Tischauser. Jim Crow Laws. 2012. books.google.co.id. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  10. The Jim Crow Era. www.battlefields.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021
  11. Jim Crow. www.khanacademy.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021