Template:Life imprisonment overview

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Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
Australia Australia Yes Federal: For terrorism & treason offences: 22.5 years.[1] State laws vary. None Yes[2][3][4] See also: Immigration detention in Australia Federal: Yes; for aircraft hijacking.[5] Federal: [6] State laws vary. [7] Federal, NSW, QLD, WA, SA, Tas, NT: Yes;

Vic, ACT: No[8][9][10]

Federal: By Governor General NSW, Vic, QLD, WA, SA, Tas, ACT, NT: by statute[11] No
Austria Austria[12] Yes 15 years (Imprisonment for a definite period)
or never (Imprisonment for lifetime, when clemency is rejected by President)
None Yes Genocide Murder, high level drug dealing, Nazi activism, production or distribution of chemical warfare agents to be used in armed conflict; abduction, robbery, rape and statutory rape if the crime causes the victim's death, sea and air piracy and arson if the crime causes the death of a large number of people under 16: max. 10 years' imprisonment
16–17: max. 15 years' imprisonment
18–20: max. 20 years' imprisonment
By president No (Abolished in 1968.)
 Azerbaijan[13] Yes, but only for men aged 18–65 25 years 15 years for a single murder (up to 20 years for several crimes) No None Crimes against State, war crimes 14–17: max. 10 years' imprisonment[14] By President No
Belgium Belgium Yes 15 years (no previous conviction or below 3 years), 19 years (previous conviction below 5 years), or 23 years (previous conviction 5 years or more)[15] None No None Murder
  • under 12: cannot be prosecuted
  • 12–15: max. detained till the age of 20
  • 16–17: max. 30 years' imprisonment[16]
Parole by Conditional Release Commission or pardon by King No
 Brazil No [17] Varies, depending on sentence 40 years[18] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No No life imprisonment sentence Yes, but only in times of war
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
 Bulgaria[19] Yes 20 years or never None Yes None Aggravated murder, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, treason, espionage, war crimes, genocide, desertion in wartime
  • under 14: cannot be prosecuted
  • 14-16: maximum 10 years
  • 16-18: maximum 12 years
By President No
Canada Canada Yes 25 years minimum for first-degree murder or high treason; 10 years minimum for second-degree murder (consecutive sentencing may extend parole ineligibility beyond 25 years in multiple murder cases). 7-25 years for any other offence where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment. [20][21] None Yes High treason, first-degree murder, second-degree murder Various crimes including attempted murder, aircraft hijacking, armed robbery, kidnapping, aggravated sexual assault, conspiracy to murder and most offenses resulting in death 14+: Yes, but only if juvenile is sentenced as adult[22] Yes, but only through royal prerogative of mercy[23][24] No (Abolished in 1976.)
China People's Republic of China Yes 13 years of the original sentence having been actually served.[25] Never in extremely serious corruption cases.[26] 13 for a single murder if it's the perpetrator's first offence. Between 15-20 for a single murder that is the perpetrator's second offence if he/she serves the sentence with good behaviour No No Various Yes By courts and by President[27] Yes
Croatia Croatia No[28] Varies, depending on sentence 40 years[28] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence
  • under 14: cannot be prosecuted
  • 14-16: Only educational measures
  • 16–17: Imprisonment of up to 10 years only in serious cases, otherwise educational measures
No life imprisonment sentence No (Abolished in 1991.)
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
 Czech Republic[29] Yes
  • 20 years generally
  • 30 or more years if part of sentence[30]
30 years No None Some cases of murder, public endangerment, treason, terrorism, genocide, crimes against humanity, use of forbidden combat device or forbidden combat tactics, war crimes, persecution of population, misuse of international symbols 15–18: max. 10 years' imprisonment By President No
Denmark Denmark Yes 12 years[31] none[31] Yes No Treason, espionage during wartime, use of force against the parliament, terrorism, arson under circumstances that are life-threatening, hijacking of vehicles, willful release of nuclear substances, murder
  • under 15: no imprisonment
  • 15–17: 16 years under normal circumstances, 20 years if gang-related[31]
After 12 years entitled to request to Minister of Justice; granted by King or Queen of Denmark No
 Estonia Yes 30 years None Yes (de facto) None Some cases of murder, some cases of handling drugs, crimes against humanity, genocide, acts of war against civilians, terrorism, violence against the independence of Estonia, causing an explosion using nuclear energy[32] Maximum length 10 years Pardon by president[33] No
Finland Finland[34] Yes 12 years for court release; any time for presidential pardon[35] None Yes Murder High treason, espionage, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, homicidal terrorist act, crime against peace
  • under 18: max. 15 years' imprisonment
  • under 21: minimum 10 years for parole request
By president, Helsinki Court of Appeal No
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
Germany Germany Yes (for adults between 18 and 21 only if tried as adults)
  • Before 1977: never (except with presidential pardon). Ruled unconstitutional by Federal Constitutional Court
  • Since 1977: at judge's discretion, most commonly the minimum of 15 years, but there is sometimes never a possibility of release in exceptionally serious cases [36]
None[37] No Aggravated murder,[38] genocide resulting in death,[39] crimes against humanity resulting in death,[40] war crimes against persons resulting in death[41]
  • Under 14: no prosecution
  • 14–18: maximum 10 years
  • 18–21: maximum of 15 years or life[42]
By Federal President or Minister-President No (Abolished in West Germany by the Constitution since 23 May 1949. Abolished by law in West Germany in 1953 and in East Germany in 1987.)
 Guinea-Bissau No Varies, depending on sentence ?? No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No
 Republic of Ireland Yes 7 years[43] None No Murder, treason Manslaughter, rape, aggravated sexual assault, committing a sexual act on a child less than 15 years of age, assault causing serious harm, syringe attacks, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, certain drugs offences, and other common law offences where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment [44] age 10–11: rape or murder
age 12+: yes[45]
By President[46] No
 Lebanon Yes 10 years None No Aggravated murder, terrorism, treason Rape Yes By President Yes[47][48]
 Lithuania Yes 25 years None Yes None Genocide, prohibited mistreatment of persons under international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity, prohibited military attack, attempted assassination of the President of Lithuania, attempted assassination of a governmental official or foreign official, murder with aggravated circumstances, murder of persons protected under international humanitarian law, terrorism resulting in death, piracy (hijacking of a civilian aircraft or civilian vessel) that results in death or otherwise has grave consequences to the safety of others ?? By President No (Abolished in 1998.[49])
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
 Macau, China No Varies, depending on sentence 25 years (30 in exceptional circumstances)[50] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No
Mexico Mexico No (except in Chihuahua for murder involving kidnapping) Varies, depending on sentence 24 years (74 years if convicted of murder involving kidnapping); in the state of Chihuahua, murder involving kidnapping provides for a mandatory life sentence No[51] Murder involving kidnapping None ?? ??? No
Netherlands Netherlands Yes[52] Never. None Yes. None Murder, aggravated manslaughter, various crimes against the Dutch state, attacks on the monarch, crimes with a terrorist motive, and leading a terrorist organization in especially serious circumstances
  • under 12: no imprisonment
  • 12–18: no life imprisonment
After 25 years served, the Advisory College for the Lifelong Incarcerated reviews whether a return into society is advisable, but only a pardon by royal decree from the King of the Netherlands can rescind a life sentence. No
Template:NGA Yes Never[53] None Yes ?? ??
  • under 7: no imprisonment
  • 7-18: no life imprisonment
?? Yes
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
Poland Poland Yes 25 years 25 years No None Treason, assassination of Polish President, war of aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, unlawful use of weapon of mass destruction, war crimes, murder, homicide and serious bodily harm resulting in death
  • under 15: no imprisonment
  • 15-17: max. 25 years' imprisonment
By president No
Template:ROU Yes 20 years None No; replaced by 25 years' imprisonment at age 60[54] Genocide during wartime, inhumane treatment during wartime Treason and other grave crimes against the state, extremely grave murder, capitulation, desertion on the battlefield, crimes against peace or humanity[55] under 18: max. 20 years' imprisonment[56] Pardon by President, amnesty by act of Parliament No
Slovakia Slovakia Yes; only if necessary to protect society and given the convict is unlikely to be rehabilitated 25 years None Yes Aggravated murder[57][58], genocide[59], terrorism[60], war crimes,[61][62] recidivism of certain aggravated offenses[63] Under certain, aggravated conditions(usually causing death): crimes against humanity, drug trafficking, human trafficking, child trafficking, false imprisonment, hostage taking, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, domestic violence, kidnapping, public endangerment, air/sea piracy, treason, sabotage, espionage, assaulting a public official
  • under 14: no imprisonment
  • 14–17: max. 15 years' imprisonment[64]
By President No
Template:SVN Yes 25 years None Yes Murder Terrorism, drug offenses, crimes against humanity
  • under 16: no imprisonment
  • 16–17: max. 10 years of imprisonment in juvenile prison [65]
By President No
Sweden Sweden Yes 18 years or never, but parole hearing may be held after 10 years served, thus fixing a much later date for release on parole None Yes None Murder, kidnapping, arson, sabotage, dangerous destruction of property, hijacking, espionage, terror crimes, rebellion, endangering the public health by spread of contagion or poison, disloyalty when negotiating with foreign powers, trading in anti-personnel mines, cluster bombs or chemical or nuclear weapons, unlawful nuclear explosion, treason, genocide; in wartime only: mutiny, insubordination, undermining the will to fight, desertion, unauthorised capitulation, negligence of war preparations and negligence of battle duty; attempts, accessories, accomplices and incitements of all the above crimes might also be punished with life imprisonment.[66]
  • under 15: no penalty
  • 15-17: max 4 years "care"
  • 18-20: no life imprisonment
By the District Court of Örebro (parole hearing). Or by the Government (pardon).[67] No
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
Switzerland Switzerland Yes 10 years or 15 years; individually set by judge None Yes None Aggravated murder,[68] aggravated hostage-taking,[69] genocide,[70] endangering the independence of the country[71]
  • under 15: no imprisonment
  • 15–17: max. 4 years' imprisonment[72]
By Federal Assembly (Parliament)[73] No
United Kingdom United Kingdom: EnglandWales England and Wales Yes 15 years or longer (maximum of whole life order), but individually set by judge. A whole life order means life without parole (e.g. natural life in prison until death) None Imprisonment for public protection — abolished in 2012 but offenders already serving that sentence remained in prison Murder and treason Rape, armed robbery, kidnapping, false imprisonment, manslaughter, attempted murder, soliciting murder, threats to kill, wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm, malicious wounding, using chloroform etc., maliciously administering poison, abandoning children, other serious crimes and other common law offences where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment. [74] Yes. Whole life orders cannot be given to offenders under 21. amnesty by royal decree (by means of the royal prerogative of mercy) alone or with Act of Parliament No
United Kingdom United Kingdom:
Template:SCT
Yes Individually set by judge Between 17 and 30 years for a single murder without any additional circumstances Yes Murder with additional circumstances, two or more murders, attempted murder, two or more counts rape Any other Common Law offence.[75][76] Under 8 : Presumed not capable of committing a criminal offence.

Under 18 : Detention for an indeterminate period.[77]

Compassionate release by Cabinet Secretary for Justice (Scottish Government); amnesty by royal decree (by means of the royal prerogative of mercy) alone or with Act of Parliament. No
United Kingdom United Kingdom:
Northern Ireland
Yes Individually set by judge None No[78][79] Murder, rape Robbery ?? General release through a referendum-based agreement in 1998 (became applicable in 3 cases: i, ii, iii). The royal prerogative of mercy or an Act of Parliament (in accordance with the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty) can be used to grant amnesty like the rest of the UK. No
United States United States Yes (except in Alaska) Any minimum term from 5 to 15 years, or never (depending on crime and state) Varies by state; 99 years in Alaska Yes Varies by state Varies by state Yes (de jure) By president or governor of a state (depending on jurisdiction) Yes (depending on state)
 Uruguay No Varies, depending on sentence 45 years[80] No No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No life imprisonment sentence No
Jurisdiction (link to details) Life imprisonment Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole Maximum length of sentence (under life) Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment) Mandatory sentence Other crimes with possible life sentence Under age of 18 (or 21) Pardon, amnesty, other release Death penalty
  1. Crimes Act (Cth) section 19AG 3(a) http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca191482/s19ag.html
  2. Indefinite detention of persons with disability within the criminal justice system http://dpoa.org.au/factsheet-indefinite-detention/
  3. A Comparative Review of National Legislation for the Indefinite Detention of ‘Dangerous Criminals’, Tasmania Law Reform Institute https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/998472/DangerousCriminals_RP_03.pdf
  4. Indefinite detention of people with cognitive and psychiatric impairment in Australia, Senate Community Affairs References Committee https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/IndefiniteDetention45/Report
  5. Crimes (Aviation) Act 1991 section 13(3) https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00156
  6. Offences including Piracy; murder of a UN or associated person; explosives and lethal device offences; treason; assisting anyone known to have committed treason escape apprehension or punishment; knowing someone intends to commit a treason offence and not reporting it to the police or taking reasonable measure to prevent its commission; assisting enemy to engage in armed conflict; treachery; espionage; aggravated espionage offences; terrorism; planning or preparing for a terrorist act; financing terrorism; financing a terrorist; murder of an Australian citizen or resident; entering a foreign country with the intention of engaging in a hostile activity; engaging in a hostile activity in a foreign country, or engaging in conduct preparatory to, including providing or participating in training, accumulating weapons or giving or receiving goods and services to commit a foreign incursion offence; allowing the use of a building, aircraft or vessel intending to commit, support or promote a foreign incursion offence; burglary of a property owned by a Commonwealth entity with the intent to commit an offence that causes harm to a person or damage to property; genocide offences; crimes against humanity (murder and extermination); war crimes; trafficking or manufacturing a commercial quantity of controlled drugs; cultivating or selling commercial quantities of controlled plants; importing or exporting commercial quantities of controlled drugs or plants; importing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant; possessing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant reasonably believed to have been imported; supplying marketable quantities of controlled drugs to children for trafficking; procuring children for trafficking marketable quantities of controlled drugs; procuring children for pre-trafficking marketable quantities of controlled precursors; procuring children for importing or exporting marketable quantities of a controlled drug or plant or for importing or exporting marketable quantities of border controlled precursors (Criminal Code Act (Cth))
  7. NSW: Murder; aggravated sexual assault in company; sexual intercourse with a child under 10; persistent sexual abuse of a child (Crimes Act (NSW)). Drug offences involving commercial quantities or cultivation for a commercial purpose; offences involving manufacture or production in presence of children or procuring children to supply prohibited drugs (Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act (NSW)). Vic: Murder; trafficking in a drug of dependence (large commercial quantity) QLD: Demands with menaces upon agencies of government; riot, if the offender causes grievous bodily harm to a person, causes an explosive substance to explode or destroys or starts to destroy a building, vehicle or machinery; piracy; perjury, in order to procure the conviction of another person for a crime punishable with life imprisonment; conspiracy to bring a false accusation where the offence is such that the person convicted would be liable to life imprisonment; owner etc permitting carnal knowledge of a child under 12 on premises; carnal knowledge of a child under 12, or a child under 16 by a guardian of that non-lineal descendant child; or a child under 16 with an impairment of the mind; carnal knowledge or attempted carnal knowledge of a non-lineal descendant with an impairment of the mind by a guardian; taking a child under 12 for immoral purpose and doing carnal knowledge; incest; maintaining a sexual relationship by an adult with a child under 16; attempted murder; accessory after the fact to murder; manslaughter; aiding suicide; killing unborn child; unlawful striking causing death; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause grievous bodily harm and other malicious acts; obstructing rescue or escape from unsafe premises; endangering the safety of a person in a vehicle with intent; rape; aggravated sexual assault; aggravated robbery; aggravated attempted robbery; extortion where carrying out threat causes or would be likely to cause serious personal injury or substantial economic loss in a commercial activity; taking control of an aircraft using violence, threats of violence, in company or by fraudulent means; burglary by breaking and other circumstances of aggravation; breaking and committing an indictable offence; arson; endangering the safe use of vehicles and transport infrastructure; destroying or damaging premises by explosion; destroying sea walls and other property; communicating infectious diseases to animals; attempting to commit an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment; being an accessory to the fact after an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment (Criminal Code (QLD)) WA: Attempt to unlawfully kill; criminal damage by fire (Criminal Code (WA)). Possessing, with intent to sell or supply, a trafficable quantity (>28g) of methylamphetamine; conspiring with another to, or attempting to, commit a methylamphetamine trafficking offence (Misuse of Drugs Act (WA)) SA: Manslaughter; aggravated causing death or causing serious harm by use of a vehicle or vessel; rape; unlawful sexual intercourse with a person under 14; property damage of building or motor vehicle by fire (arson) or explosives; aggravated robbery; aggravated serious criminal trespass of residential buildings; manufacture of a commercial quantity of a controlled drug for sale; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a child or possession of a controlled drug intending to sell, supply or administer to a child; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a person in a school zone, or possession of a controlled drug in a school zone intending to sell, supply or administer the drug to another person; trafficking a commercial quantity of a controlled drug; cultivating a commercial quantity of a controlled plant for sale (includes cannabis); sale of a commercial quantity of a controlled plant or possession with intention to sell (includes cannabis - prescribed amount - 100 plants; but in aggravated circumstances, 20 plants) Tas: Murder; treason; accessory after the fact guilty of treason ACT: Murder; trafficking in a controlled drug; manufacturing a controlled drug for selling; cultivating a controlled plant for selling; selling a controlled plant; supplying controlled drug to child for selling; procuring a child to traffic a controlled drug NT: Manslaughter; assisting or encouraging a suicide; killing an unborn child; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause serious harm or prevent lawful apprehension; preventing escape from wreck; intentionally endangering safety of persons travelling by railway, roadway, aircraft or ship; sexual intercourse without consent; causing a child under 12 to enter into or continue in sexual servitude; operating a business that involves the sexual servitude of a child under 12; aggravated robbery (armed, in company or causing harm to any person immediately before or after or during the robbery); discharging a firearm while armed in the course of assault with intent to steal; unlawfully taking control of an aircraft with violence or threats, in company or while armed; sabotage; arson; endangering operation of an aircraft; conspiracy to lay false charges where the person found guilty would have been liable to life imprisonment; terrorism; perjury in order to procure the conviction of an offence punishable by life imprisonment; forcibly rescuing certain offenders; aggravated sexual relationship with a child (Criminal Code Act (NT)). Supply of a commercial quantity of a dangerous drug (Schedule 1 or 2) to a child; supply of a dangerous drug (Schedule 1) to a child; cultivation of a commercial quantity of a prohibited plant in the presence of a child; manufacture of a commercial quantity of a Schedule 1 dangerous drug; manufacture of a commercial or trafficable quantity of a Schedule 1 drug in the presence of a child; procuring a child under 14 to commit an offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Misuse of Drugs Act (NT))
  8. Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 (ACT) section 133G(4) https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/View/a/2005-58/current/PDF/2005-58.PDF
  9. ‘Young persons’ may not be sentenced to indefinite sentences http://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/eManuals/VSM/6116.htm
  10. Sentencing Act 1991 (Victoria) Section 18A(1)
  11. Royal Prerogative of Mercy and statutory referrals https://www.ag.gov.au/Crime/FederalOffenders/Pages/Royalprerogativeofmercyandreferralofmatterstostateandterritorycourts.aspx
  12. "section 18 of the Austrian criminal code". Ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  13. "The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia" (PDF). penalreform.org. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2015.
  14. "Уголовный кодекс Азербайджанской Республики". Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  15. (in French and Dutch) extract from the Belgian Official Journal advocaat.be 17 March 2013.
  16. (in Dutch) Jeugdsanctierecht in Europa: is uithandengeving een evidentie? Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Jura falconis, jg 44, 2007–2008, nr 1, pp. 3–38
  17. Brazil's Constitution prohibits the death penalty with a saving allowing the death penalty in wartime, if the state of war is duly declared by Congress (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "a)"); the Constitution's next line (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "b)"), prohibits life sentences. The clause prohibiting life imprisonment does not contain a saving similar to the death penalty clause, and thus life sentences are not allowed even in wartime. It is unclear, however, if the Presidential power of mercy, that allows the President to pardon or commute a penal sentence, could be used to reduce a death penalty imposed in wartime, transforming it into a sentence of life imprisonment.
  18. "Pacote anticrime entra em vigor com mudanças no cumprimento de penas". Jornal Nacional (in Portuguese). 2020-01-23.
  19. "Criminal code of the Republic of Bulgaria". Legislationline.org. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  20. "Baumgartner gets life with no parole for 40 years; harshest punishment in decades". CTV News. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  21. CBC News (31 October 2014). "Justin Bourque gets 5 life sentences, no chance of parole for 75 years". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  22. Justice BC (11 September 2013). "Maximum Youth Sentences". Youth Criminal Justice Act. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  23. Criminal Code, R.S. 1985, c. C-46, s. 748, as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 12; and R.S.C., 1995, c. 22, s. 6.
  24. Criminal Records Act, R.S. 1995, c. 22, s. 6(1), as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 4; and R.S.C., 2000, c. 1, s. 1(F) and R.S.C., 2010, c. 5, s. 2 and R.S.C, 2012, c. 1, s. 115.
  25. Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law in the People's Republic of China. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2 May 2013. ISBN 9004234454. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  26. "Is Life Without Parole a Signal of China's Will to Reduce Executions?". Dui Hua Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  27. "Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China - CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  28. 28.0 28.1 Kovčo Vukadin, Irma; Žakman-Ban, Vladimira; Jandrić-Nišević, Anita (2010). "Prisoner Rehabilitation in Croatia" (PDF). Varstvoslovje, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security. 12 (2): 143–162. ISSN 1580-0253. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  29. "Czech Criminal Code". Business.center.cz. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  30. The court may decide that only the time in less-than-maximum security prison counts for the purposes of parole and that the convict must serve at least ten years in maximum security. A record of good behavior is needed for transfer to lower security in which 20 years must be served then.
  31. 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Straffeloven § 33, § 41" [Danish Penal Code § 33, § 41] (in Danish). Retsinformation (Civilstyrelsen, Ministry of Justice). 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  32. "Estonian Penal Code (English translation)". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  33. "Estonia releases first life prisoner – BONJOUR L'ESTONIE". Shaan.typepad.com. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  34. "Finnish criminal law" (in Finnish). Finlex. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  35. "Oikeuslaitos – Imprisonment and community service". Oikeus.fi. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  36. sec. 57a(1) German Criminal Code Strafgesetzbuch
  37. sec. 38 German Criminal Code
  38. sec. 211(1) German Criminal Code
  39. sec. 6(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes Völkerstrafgesetzbuch
  40. sec. 7(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes
  41. sec. 8(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes
  42. A person between the ages of 18 and 21 can be tried before a juvenile court "Jugendgericht" (which happens in almost all cases concerning minors) or an adult court, which is determined by the intellectual development of the accused and the severity of the crime itself.
  43. Citizensinformation.ie. "Types of sentences". www.citizensinformation.ie.
  44. https://www.ihrec.ie/download/pdf/report_determination_life_sentences.pdf
  45. Gallagher, Conor. "Children charged with serious crimes face different criminal justice process to adults". The Irish Times.
  46. O'Mahony, Conor (4 September 2018). "Just what can the President of Ireland actually do?". RTÉ – via www.rte.ie.
  47. "Article 549 Penal Code". english.al-akhbar.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014.
  48. Ari Yashar (28 March 2014). "Lebanese Revolution? Death Sentence For Wife Beater". ArutzSheva. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  49. "VIII-1250 Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymas dėl Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvenc..." e-seimas.lrs.lt. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  50. "Código Penal – Art. 1 a 100" (in Portuguese). Imprensa Oficial (Government Printing Bureau). 14 November 1995. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  51. For details of new rulings from Mexican Supreme Court, see: "Wanted Fugitive Raul Gomez Garcia Extradited to the U.S." (US Embassy in Mexico) Archived 15 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine and Mexico alters extradition rules (BBC News) Archived 3 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine)
  52. "Levenslang". www.rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  53. "6 Nigerian Soldiers Bag Life Imprisonment". ConnectAfrica. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  54. "Criminal Code of Romania, art. 55" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  55. C. Mitrache, C. Mitrache (2010). Drept penal român. Universul Juridic. p. 198.
  56. "Criminal Code of Romania, art. 109" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  57. § 144(3) Slovak Criminal Code
  58. Only in cases of repeat offenders, convicted of the same or as part of an organized group or during a state of emergency.
  59. § 418(3) Slovak Criminal Code
  60. § 419(2) Slovak Criminal Code
  61. § 433(2) Slovak Criminal Code
  62. Only if the crime results in the injuries or deaths of multiple persons or if the perpetrator is a mercenary.
  63. § 47(2) Slovak Criminal Code
  64. § 117 Slovak Criminal Code
  65. § 89 Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik, KZ), temporarily pursuant as per § 375 of (the new) Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik; KZ-1)
  66. Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Svensk författningssamling 1962:700". riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015.
  67. Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Svensk författningssamling 1974:152". riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015.
  68. art. 112 Swiss Criminal Code
  69. art. 185 Swiss Criminal Code
  70. art. 264 Swiss Criminal Code
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