Template:Infobox carbon
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[[Category:Template:Pagetype with short description]]
![]() Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Allotropes | graphite, diamond, others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | Template:Ubl | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(C) | [[[:Template:Val]], Template:Val] conventional: Template:Val | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carbon in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Atomic number (Z) | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group | group 14 (carbon group) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Period | period 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Block | p-block | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Element categories | , sometimes considered a metalloid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phase at STP | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sublimation point | 3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Density (near r.t.) | amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3[1] graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Triple point | 4600 K, 10,800 kPa[2][3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | graphite: 117 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar heat capacity | graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[4] +2, +3,[5] +4[6] (a mildly acidic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.55 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ionization energies |
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Covalent radius | sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Van der Waals radius | 170 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectral lines of carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Natural occurrence | primordial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | graphite: simple hexagonal (black) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (clear) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speed of sound thin rod | diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal expansion | diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical resistivity | graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic susceptibility | −5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol[10] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Young's modulus | diamond: 1050 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shear modulus | diamond: 478 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulk modulus | diamond: 442 GPa[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poisson ratio | diamond: 0.1[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mohs hardness | graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Number | Template:Ubl | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
History | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovery | Egyptians and Sumerians[11] (3750 BCE) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Recognized as an element by | Antoine Lavoisier[12] (1789) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Main isotopes of carbon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[[Category:Infobox templates|Template:Remove first word]]Check temperatures C: no input for C, K, F.
Check temperatures C: no input for C, K, F.
B ← |
→ N | |
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Data sets read by {{Infobox element}} | |
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Name and identifiers | |
Top image (caption, alt) | |
Pronunciation | |
Category (enwiki) | |
Standard atomic weight | |
most stable isotope | |
Natural occurrence | |
Phase at STP | |
Oxidation states | |
Spectral lines image | |
Electron configuration (cmt, ref) | |
Term symbol * (cmt, ref) | |
Wikidata * | |
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2019-02-03) See also {{Infobox element/symbol-to--navbox}} |
References
- ↑ Template:RubberBible86th
- ↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
- ↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
- ↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
- ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
- ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
- ↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
- ↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as
- <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
- <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
- <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
- <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database
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