Template:Elder Futhark
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Rune | UCS | Transliteration | IPA | Proto-Germanic name | Meaning |
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Template:Runic | f | /f/ | *fehu | "cattle; wealth" |
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Template:Runic | u | /u(ː)/ | ?*ūruz | "aurochs" (or *ûram "water/slag"?) |
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Template:Runic | þ | /θ/, /ð/ | ?*þurisaz | "giant" (or *þunraz "the god Thunraz") |
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Template:Runic | a | /a(ː)/ | *ansuz | "god" ("the god Wodinaz"[citation needed]) |
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Template:Runic | r | /r/ | *raidō | "ride, journey" |
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Template:Runic | k (c) | /k/ | ?*kaunan | "ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?) |
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Template:Runic | g | /ɡ/ | *gebō | "gift" |
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Template:Runic | w | /w/ | *wunjō | "joy" |
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Template:Runic | h | /h/ | *hagalaz | "hail" (the precipitation) |
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Template:Runic | n | /n/ | *naudiz | "need" |
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Template:Runic | i | /i(ː)/ | *īsaz | "ice" |
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Template:Runic | j | /j/ | *jēra- | "year, good year, harvest" |
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Template:Runic | ï (æ) | /æː/[1] | *ī(h)waz | "yew-tree" |
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Template:Runic | p | /p/ | ?*perþ- | Secrets; Destiny; Future; Feminine / Uncertain / Hidden. |
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Template:Runic | z | /z/ | ?*algiz | "elk" (or "protection, defence"[2]) |
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Template:Runic | s | /s/ | *sōwilō | "Sun" |
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Template:Runic | t | /t/ | *tīwaz | "the god Tiwaz" |
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Template:Runic | b | /b/ | *berkanan | "birch" |
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Template:Runic | e | /e(ː)/ | *ehwaz | "horse" |
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Template:Runic | m | /m/ | *mannaz | "man" |
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Template:Runic | l | /l/ | *laguz | "water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek") |
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Template:Runic | ŋ | /ŋ/ | *ingwaz | "the god Ingwaz" |
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Template:Runic | o | /o(ː)/ | *ōþila-/*ōþala- | "heritage, estate, possession" |
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Template:Runic | d | /d/ | *dagaz | "day" |
- ↑ also rendered /ɛː/, see Proto-Germanic phonology
- ↑ Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.