Template:Elder Futhark

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Rune UCS Transliteration IPA Proto-Germanic name Meaning
f Template:Runic f /f/ *fehu "cattle; wealth"
u Template:Runic u /u(ː)/ ?*ūruz "aurochs" (or *ûram "water/slag"?)
th,þ Template:Runic þ /θ/, /ð/ ?*þurisaz "giant" (or *þunraz "the god Thunraz")
a Template:Runic a /a(ː)/ *ansuz "god" ("the god Wodinaz"[citation needed])
r Template:Runic r /r/ *raidō "ride, journey"
k Template:Runic k (c) /k/ ?*kaunan "ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?)
g Template:Runic g /ɡ/ *gebō "gift"
w Template:Runic w /w/ *wunjō "joy"
h h Template:Runic h /h/ *hagalaz "hail" (the precipitation)
n Template:Runic n /n/ *naudiz "need"
i Template:Runic i /i(ː)/ *īsaz "ice"
j Template:Runic j /j/ *jēra- "year, good year, harvest"
ï,ei Template:Runic ï (æ) /æː/[1] *ī(h)waz "yew-tree"
p Template:Runic p /p/ ?*perþ- Secrets; Destiny; Future; Feminine / Uncertain / Hidden.
z Template:Runic z /z/ ?*algiz "elk" (or "protection, defence"[2])
s s Template:Runic s /s/ *sōwilō "Sun"
t Template:Runic t /t/ *tīwaz "the god Tiwaz"
b Template:Runic b /b/ *berkanan "birch"
e Template:Runic e /e(ː)/ *ehwaz "horse"
m Template:Runic m /m/ *mannaz "man"
l Template:Runic l /l/ *laguz "water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek")
ŋ ŋ ŋ Template:Runic ŋ /ŋ/ *ingwaz "the god Ingwaz"
o Template:Runic o /o(ː)/ *ōþila-/*ōþala- "heritage, estate, possession"
d Template:Runic d /d/ *dagaz "day"
  1. also rendered /ɛː/, see Proto-Germanic phonology
  2. Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.