Difference between revisions of "Template:English sound change examples"

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imported>Espreon
(Removed a couple of unneeded apostrophes; ", whereas" + additional sentence rather than keeping it wrapped up in parentheses)
imported>Kwékwlos
 
(2 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
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{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! !! one !! two !! three !! four !! five !! six !! seven !! mother !! heart !! hear
+
! !! one !! two !! three !! four !! five !! six !! seven !! mother !! heart !! hear !! foot !! feet
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Proto-Indo-European'''  || {{PIE|óynos}} || {{PIE|dúoH}} || {{PIE|tríh₂}} (fem.) || {{PIE|kʷetwṓr}} || {{PIE|pénkʷe}} || {{PIE|séḱs}} || {{PIE|septḿ̥}} || {{PIE|méh₂tēr}} || {{PIE|ḱḗr}} || {{PIE|h₂ḱowsyónom}}
+
| '''Proto-Indo-European'''  || {{PIE|óynos}} || {{PIE|dwóh₁}} || {{PIE|tríh₂}} (fem.) || {{PIE|kʷetwṓr}} || {{PIE|pénkʷe}} || {{PIE|séḱs}} || {{PIE|septḿ̥}} || {{PIE|méh₂tēr}} || {{PIE|ḱḗr}} || {{PIE|h₂ḱowsyónom}} || {{PIE|pṓds}} || {{PIE|pódes}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Pre-Germanic unexpected changes ||  || >! {{IPA|dwóy}} || >! {{IPA|tríh₂s}} || >! {{IPA|petwṓr}} || >! {{IPA|pémpe}} ||  || >! {{IPA|sepḿ̥d}} || >! {{IPA|meh₂tḗr}} || >! {{IPA|kérdō}} ||  
+
| Centumization ||  || ||  || || || {{PIE|séks}} || ||  || {{PIE|kḗr}} || {{PIE|h₂kowsyónom}} || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Sonorant epenthesis ||  || ||  || || || || sepúmd ||  ||  ||  
+
| Pre-Germanic unexpected changes ||  || >! {{IPA|dwóy}} || >! {{IPA|tríh₂s}} || >! {{IPA|petwṓr}} || >! {{IPA|pémpe}} ||  || >! {{IPA|sepḿ̥d}} || >! {{IPA|meh₂tḗr}} || >! {{IPA|kérdō}} ||  ||  || {{PIE|pṓdes}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Final overlong vowels ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|kérdô}} ||  
+
| Sonorant epenthesis ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || sepúmd ||  ||  || |||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Laryngeal loss ||  ||  || {{IPA|trī́s}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mātḗr}} ||  || {{IPA|kowsyónom}}
+
| Final overlong vowels ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|kérdô}} ||  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Loss of final nonhigh vowels ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|pemp}} ||  || |||  ||
+
| Laryngeal loss ||  ||  || {{IPA|trī́s}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mātḗr}} ||  || {{IPA|kowsyónom}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Grimm's Law ||  || {{IPA|twoi}} || {{IPA|þrī́s}} || {{IPA|feþwṓr}} || {{IPA|fémf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|sefúmt}} || {{IPA|māþḗr}} || {{IPA|hértô}} || {{IPA|housjónom}}
+
| Loss of final nonhigh vowels ||  || || || || {{IPA|pemp}} || || || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Verner's Law || {{IPA|oinoz}} || || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwōr}} || || || {{IPA|seβumt}} || {{IPA|māðēr}} || || {{IPA|houzjonom}}
+
| Grimm's Law ||  || {{IPA|twoi}} || {{IPA|þrī́s}} || {{IPA|feþwṓr}} || {{IPA|fémf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|sefúmt}} || {{IPA|māþḗr}} || {{IPA|hértô}} || {{IPA|housjónom}} || {{IPA|fṓts}} || {{IPA|fṓtes}}
 
|-
 
|-
| o > a, ō > ā, ô > â || {{IPA|ainaz}} || {{IPA|twai}} ||  || {{IPA|feðwār}} ||  ||  || ||  || {{IPA|hertâ}} || {{IPA|hauzjanam}}
+
| Verner's Law || {{IPA|oinoz}} ||  || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwōr}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|seβumt}} || {{IPA|māðēr}} ||  || {{IPA|houzjonom}} ||  || {{IPA|fōtez}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Final -m > -n ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzjanan}}
+
| Unstressed syllables: owo > ō, ew > ow, e > i, ji > i ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fōtiz}}
 
|-
 
|-
| m > n before dental ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || {{IPA|seβunt}} || || ||
+
| o > a, ō > ā, ô > â || {{IPA|ainaz}} || {{IPA|twai}} ||  || {{IPA|feðwār}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hertâ}} || {{IPA|hauzjanam}} || {{IPA|fāts}} || {{IPA|fātiz}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Final -n > nasalization ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzjaną}}
+
| Final -m > -n ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzjanan}} ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
| Loss of final -t ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|seβun}} ||  ||  ||  
+
| m > n before dental ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|seβunt}} ||  ||  || ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Sievers' Law ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzijaną}}
+
| Final -n > nasalization ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzjaną}} ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
| Nasal raising ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fimf}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| Loss of final -t ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|seβun}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| ā > ō, â > ô ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|feðwōr}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mōðēr}} || {{IPA|hertô}} ||  
+
| Sievers' Law ||  ||  ||  || ||  || ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hauzijaną}} || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Proto-Germanic form''' || {{IPA|ainaz}} || {{IPA|twai}} || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwōr}} || {{IPA|fimf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|seβun}} || {{IPA|mōðēr}} || {{IPA|hertô}} || {{IPA|hauzijaną}}
+
| Nasal raising || || || || || {{IPA|fimf}} || || || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Final vowel shortening/loss || {{IPA|ainz}}? ||  || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwur}} ||  ||  || || {{IPA|mōðar}} || {{IPA|hertō}} || {{IPA|hauzijan}}
+
| ā > ō, â > ô || || ||  || {{IPA|feðwōr}} || ||  ||  || {{IPA|mōðēr}} || {{IPA|hertô}} ||  || {{IPA|fōts}} || {{IPA|fōtiz}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Final -z loss || {{IPA|ain}} || || {{IPA|þrī}} || || || || || || ||  
+
| '''Proto-Germanic form''' || {{IPA|ainaz}} || {{IPA|twai}} || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwōr}} || {{IPA|fimf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|seβun}} || {{IPA|mōðēr}} || {{IPA|hertô}} || {{IPA|hauzijaną}} || {{IPA|fōts}} || {{IPA|fōtiz}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Rhotacism: z > r ||  || || ||  ||  ||  || || || || {{IPA|haurijan}}
+
| Final vowel shortening/loss || {{IPA|ainz}}? ||  || {{IPA|þrīz}} || {{IPA|feðwur}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mōðar}} || {{IPA|hertō}} || {{IPA|hauzijan}} ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
| Intervocalic ðw > ww || |||  || {{IPA|fewwur}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| Final -z loss || {{IPA|ain}} ||  || {{IPA|þrī}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  || {{IPA|fōti}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Hardening: ð > d, β > v, f {{IPA|[ɸ]}} > {{IPA|[f]}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|finf}} ||  || {{IPA|sevun}} || {{IPA|mōdar}} ||  ||  
+
| Rhotacism: z > r || ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  || || {{IPA|haurijan}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Morphological changes ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|þriju}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|herta}} ||  
+
| Intervocalic ðw > ww ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fewwur}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''West Germanic pre-form''' || {{IPA|ain}} || {{IPA|twai}} || {{IPA|þriju}} || {{IPA|fewwur}} || {{IPA|finf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|sevun}} || {{IPA|mōdar}} || {{IPA|herta}} || {{IPA|haurijan}}
+
| Hardening: ð > d, β > v, f {{IPA|[ɸ]}} > {{IPA|[f]}} || ||  || || || {{IPA|finf}} || || {{IPA|sevun}} || {{IPA|mōdar}} || ||  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Ingvaeonic (prespirant) nasal loss ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fīf}} ||  || ||  ||  ||  
+
| Morphological changes ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|þriju}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|herta}} ||  || > {{IPA|fōt}} ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| ai > ā  || {{IPA|ān}} || {{IPA|twā}} || || || || || || || ||  
+
| '''West Germanic pre-form''' || {{IPA|ain}} || {{IPA|twai}} || {{IPA|þriju}} || {{IPA|fewwur}} || {{IPA|finf}} || {{IPA|sehs}} || {{IPA|sevun}} || {{IPA|mōdar}} || {{IPA|herta}} || {{IPA|haurijan}} || {{IPA|fōt}} || {{IPA|fōti}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Anglo-Frisian brightening ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hertæ}} || {{IPA|hæurijan}}
+
| Ingvaeonic (prespirant) nasal loss || ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fīf}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| I-mutation ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|heyrijan}}
+
| ai > ā  || {{IPA|ān}} || {{IPA|twā}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Loss of medial -ij- ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || {{IPA|heyran}}
+
| Anglo-Frisian brightening  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hertæ}} || {{IPA|hæurijan}} ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
| Breaking ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hĕŭrtæ}} ||  
+
| I-mutation ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|heyrijan}} || || {{IPA|fēti}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Diphthong height harmony ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|feowur}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hĕŏrtæ}} || {{IPA|hēran}}, {{IPA|hiyran}}
+
| Loss of medial -ij- ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|heyran}} || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Back mutation ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|sĕŏvun}} ||  ||  ||  
+
| Breaking ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hĕŭrtæ}} ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Final reduction ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|feowor}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|sĕŏvon}} || >! {{IPA|mōdor}} || {{IPA|hĕŏrte}} ||  
+
| Diphthong height harmony ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|feowur}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hĕŏrtæ}} || {{IPA|hēran}}, {{IPA|hiyran}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Raising: ehs eht > ihs iht ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|sihs}} ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| Back mutation ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|sĕŏvun}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| hs > ks ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|siks}} || ||  ||  ||  
+
| Final reduction ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|feowor}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|sĕŏvon}} || >! {{IPA|mōdor}} || {{IPA|hĕŏrte}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|fēt}}
 
|-
 
|-
| Late OE loweringiu > eo ||  ||  || {{IPA|þreo}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| Raising: ehs eht > ihs iht ||  ||  || ||  ||  || {{IPA|sihs}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| iy > ȳ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hȳran}}
+
| hs > ks ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|siks}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Late Old English spelling''' || ''ān'' || ''twā'' || ''þrēo'' || ''fēowor'' || ''fīf'' || ''six'' || ''seofon'' || ''mōdor'' || ''heorte'' || ''hēran, hȳran''
+
| Late OE lowering:  iu > eo || || || {{IPA|þreo}} || || || || || ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Middle English (ME) smoothing ||  ||  || {{IPA|θrøː}} || {{IPA|føːwor}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|søvon}} ||  || {{IPA|hørte}} ||  
+
| iy > ȳ ||  ||  || || || ||  ||  || ||  || {{IPA|hȳran}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| ME final reduction || || || || {{IPA|føːwǝr}} || || || {{IPA|søvǝn}} || {{IPA|moːdǝr}} || {{IPA|hørtǝ}} || {{IPA|heːrǝn}}
+
| '''Late Old English spelling''' || ''ān'' || ''twā'' || ''þrēo'' || ''fēowor'' || ''fīf'' || ''six'' || ''seofon'' || ''mōdor'' || ''heorte'' || ''hēran, hȳran'' || ''fōt'' || ''fēt''
 
|-
 
|-
| ME a: æ: > ɔ: ɛ: || {{IPA|ɔːn}} || {{IPA|twɔː}} ||  ||  || ||  || ||  ||  ||  
+
| Middle English (ME) smoothing ||  ||  || {{IPA|θrøː}} || {{IPA|føːwor}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|søvon}} ||  || {{IPA|hørte}} ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| {{IPA|-dǝr}} > {{IPA|-ðǝr}} ||  ||  || || || || ||| {{IPA|moːðǝr}} ||  ||  
+
| ME final reduction ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|føːwər}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|søvən}} || {{IPA|moːdər}} || {{IPA|hørtə}} || {{IPA|heːrən}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| ME unexpected (?) vowel changes ||  ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|fiːv-ǝ}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|hɛːrǝn}}
+
| ME a: æ: > ɔ: ɛ: || {{IPA|ɔːn}} || {{IPA|twɔː}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| ME diphthong changes ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|fowǝr}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| {{IPA|-dər}} > {{IPA|-ðər}} ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  || {{IPA|moːðər}} ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Late ME unrounding ||  ||  || {{IPA|θreː}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|sevǝn}} ||  || {{IPA|hertǝ}} ||  
+
| ME unexpected (?) vowel changes ||  ||  || ||  || >! {{IPA|fiːv-ə}} ||  ||  ||  || || >! {{IPA|hɛːrən}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Late Middle English spelling''' (c. 1350) || ''oon'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''fower'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''mother'' || ''herte'' || ''heere(n)''
+
| ME diphthong changes || || || || >! {{IPA|fowər}} || || || || ||  ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Late ME final reduction (late 1300s) ||  ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|fowr}} || {{IPA|fiːv}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hert}} || {{IPA|hɛːr}}
+
| Late ME unrounding ||  ||  || {{IPA|θreː}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|sevən}} ||  || {{IPA|hertə}} ||  ||  ||
 
|-
 
|-
| Late ME /er/ > /ar/ (1400s)<ref>{{citation|last=Dobson |first=E.J. |year=1957 |title=English Pronunciation 1500–1700 |place=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |p=558}}</ref> || || || || || || ||  ||  || {{IPA|hart}} ||  
+
| '''Late Middle English spelling''' (c. 1350) || ''oon'' || ''two'' || ''three'' || ''fower'' || ''five'' || ''six'' || ''seven'' || ''mother'' || ''herte'' || ''heere(n)'' || ''foot'' || ''feet''
 
|-
 
|-
| Late ME Great Vowel Shift (c. 1400-1550) || {{IPA|oːn}} >! {{IPA|wʊn}} || {{IPA|twoː}} || {{IPA|θriː}} ||  || {{IPA|fǝiv}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|muːðǝr}} ||  || {{IPA|heːr}}
+
| Late ME final reduction (late 1300s) || ||  ||  || >! {{IPA|fowr}} || {{IPA|fiːv}} || || ||  || {{IPA|hert}} || {{IPA|hɛːr}} ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Early Modern English (EModE) smoothing ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|foːr}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
+
| Late ME /er/ > /ar/ (1400s)<ref>{{citation|last=Dobson |first=E.J. |year=1957 |title=English Pronunciation 1500–1700 |place=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |p=558}}</ref> ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|hart}} ||  ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| EModE raising /woː/ > /wuː/ > /uː/<ref>{{citation|last=Dobson |first=E.J. |year=1957 |title=English Pronunciation 1500–1700 |place=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |pp=677–678}}</ref> ||  || {{IPA|tuː}} ||  ||  || ||  || || || ||  
+
| Late ME Great Vowel Shift (c. 1400-1550) || {{IPA|oːn}} >! {{IPA|wʊn}} || {{IPA|twoː}} || {{IPA|θriː}} ||  || {{IPA|fəiv}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|muːðər}} ||  || {{IPA|heːr}} || {{IPA|fuːt}} || {{IPA|fiːt}}
 
|-
 
|-
| EModE shortening ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mʊðǝr}} ||  ||  
+
| Early Modern English (EModE) smoothing ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|foːr}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| EModE /ʊ/ > /ʌ/ || {{IPA|wʌn}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mʌðǝr}} ||  ||  
+
| EModE raising /woː/ > /wuː/ > /uː/<ref>{{citation|last=Dobson |first=E.J. |year=1957 |title=English Pronunciation 1500–1700 |place=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |pp=677–678}}</ref> ||  || {{IPA|tuː}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ||  ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Later vowel shifts ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fɔːr}} || {{IPA|faiv}} || {{IPA|sɪks}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|hɑrt}} || {{IPA|hiːr}}
+
| EModE shortening ||  ||  ||  || ||  || || || {{IPA|mʊðər}} ||  ||  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Loss of -r (regional) || ||  ||  || {{IPA|fɔː}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mʌðǝ}} || {{IPA|hɑːt}} || {{IPA|hiǝ}}
+
| EModE /ʊ/ > /ʌ/ || {{IPA|wʌn}} ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mʌðər}} || ||  || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Modern pronunciation''' || {{IPA|wʌn}} || {{IPA|tuː}} || {{IPA|θriː}} || {{IPA|fɔː(r)}} || {{IPA|faiv}} || {{IPA|sɪks}} || {{IPA|sevǝn}} || {{IPA|mʌðǝ(r)}} || {{IPA|hɑrt}}/{{IPA|hɑːt}} || {{IPA|hiːr/hiǝ}}
+
| EModE shortening || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|fʊt}} ||  
 
|-
 
|-
! !! one !! two !! three !! four !! five !! six !! seven !! mother !! heart !! hear
+
| Later vowel shifts ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fɔːr}} || {{IPA|faiv}} || {{IPA|sɪks}} ||  ||  || {{IPA|hɑrt}} || {{IPA|hiːr}} ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
| Loss of -r (regional) ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|fɔː}} ||  ||  ||  || {{IPA|mʌðə}} || {{IPA|hɑːt}} || {{IPA|hiə}} ||  ||
 +
|-
 +
| '''Modern pronunciation''' || {{IPA|wʌn}} || {{IPA|tuː}} || {{IPA|θriː}} || {{IPA|fɔː(r)}} || {{IPA|faiv}} || {{IPA|sɪks}} || {{IPA|sevən}} || {{IPA|mʌðə(r)}} || {{IPA|hɑrt}}/{{IPA|hɑːt}} || {{IPA|hiːr/hiə}} || {{IPA|fʊt}} || {{IPA|fiːt}}
 +
|-
 +
! !! one !! two !! three !! four !! five !! six !! seven !! mother !! heart !! hear !! foot !! feet
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 123: Line 129:
 
NOTE: Some of the changes listed above as "unexpected" are more predictable than others.  For example:
 
NOTE: Some of the changes listed above as "unexpected" are more predictable than others.  For example:
 
*Some changes are morphological ones that move a word from a rare declension to a more common one, and hence are not so surprising: e.g. *''{{IPA|þrī}}'' "three" >! *''{{IPA|þriu}}'' (adding the common West Germanic feminine ending ''-u'') and *''{{PIE|keːr}}'' "heart" (stem *''{{PIE|kerd-}}'') >! *''{{PIE|kérd-oː}}'' (change from consonant stem to n-stem).
 
*Some changes are morphological ones that move a word from a rare declension to a more common one, and hence are not so surprising: e.g. *''{{IPA|þrī}}'' "three" >! *''{{IPA|þriu}}'' (adding the common West Germanic feminine ending ''-u'') and *''{{PIE|keːr}}'' "heart" (stem *''{{PIE|kerd-}}'') >! *''{{PIE|kérd-oː}}'' (change from consonant stem to n-stem).
*Some changes are assimilations that are unexpected but of a cross-linguistically common type, e.g. ''{{IPA|føːwǝr}}'' "four" >! ''{{IPA|fowǝr}}'' where **''{{IPA|fewǝr}}'' would be expected by normal sound change. Assimilations involving adjacent numbers are especially common, e.g. *''{{PIE|kʷetwṓr}}'' "four" >! *''{{PIE|petwṓr}}'' by assimilation to *''{{PIE|pénkʷe}}'' "five" (in addition, {{IPA|/kʷ/ > /p/}} is a cross-linguistically common sound change in general).
+
*Some changes are assimilations that are unexpected but of a cross-linguistically common type, e.g. ''{{IPA|føːwər}}'' "four" >! ''{{IPA|fowər}}'' where **''{{IPA|fewər}}'' would be expected by normal sound change. Assimilations involving adjacent numbers are especially common, e.g. *''{{PIE|kʷetwṓr}}'' "four" >! *''{{PIE|petwṓr}}'' by assimilation to *''{{PIE|pénkʷe}}'' "five" (in addition, {{IPA|/kʷ/ > /p/}} is a cross-linguistically common sound change in general).
 
*On the other extreme, the Early Modern English change of ''{{IPA|oːn}}'' "one" >! ''{{IPA|wʊn}}'' is almost completely mysterious.  Note that the related words ''alone'' ( < ''all'' + ''one'') and ''only'' ( < ''one'' + ''-ly'') did not change.
 
*On the other extreme, the Early Modern English change of ''{{IPA|oːn}}'' "one" >! ''{{IPA|wʊn}}'' is almost completely mysterious.  Note that the related words ''alone'' ( < ''all'' + ''one'') and ''only'' ( < ''one'' + ''-ly'') did not change.
  
 
<noinclude>{{Template reference list}}</noinclude>
 
<noinclude>{{Template reference list}}</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 13:24, 19 November 2018

The following table shows a possible sequence of changes for some basic vocabulary items, leading from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Modern English. The notation ">!" indicates an unexpected change, whereas the simple notation ">" indicates an expected change. An empty cell means no change at the given stage for the given item. Only sound changes that had an effect on one or more of the vocabulary items are shown.

one two three four five six seven mother heart hear foot feet
Proto-Indo-European Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE (fem.) Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE
Centumization Template:PIE Template:PIE Template:PIE
Pre-Germanic unexpected changes >! dwóy >! tríh₂s >! petwṓr >! pémpe >! sepḿ̥d >! meh₂tḗr >! kérdō Template:PIE
Sonorant epenthesis sepúmd
Final overlong vowels kérdô
Laryngeal loss trī́s mātḗr kowsyónom
Loss of final nonhigh vowels pemp
Grimm's Law twoi þrī́s feþwṓr fémf sehs sefúmt māþḗr hértô housjónom fṓts fṓtes
Verner's Law oinoz þrīz feðwōr seβumt māðēr houzjonom fōtez
Unstressed syllables: owo > ō, ew > ow, e > i, ji > i fōtiz
o > a, ō > ā, ô > â ainaz twai feðwār hertâ hauzjanam fāts fātiz
Final -m > -n hauzjanan
m > n before dental seβunt
Final -n > nasalization hauzjaną
Loss of final -t seβun
Sievers' Law hauzijaną
Nasal raising fimf
ā > ō, â > ô feðwōr mōðēr hertô fōts fōtiz
Proto-Germanic form ainaz twai þrīz feðwōr fimf sehs seβun mōðēr hertô hauzijaną fōts fōtiz
Final vowel shortening/loss ainz? þrīz feðwur mōðar hertō hauzijan
Final -z loss ain þrī fōti
Rhotacism: z > r haurijan
Intervocalic ðw > ww fewwur
Hardening: ð > d, β > v, f [ɸ] > [f] finf sevun mōdar
Morphological changes >! þriju >! herta > fōt
West Germanic pre-form ain twai þriju fewwur finf sehs sevun mōdar herta haurijan fōt fōti
Ingvaeonic (prespirant) nasal loss fīf
ai > ā ān twā
Anglo-Frisian brightening hertæ hæurijan
I-mutation heyrijan fēti
Loss of medial -ij- heyran
Breaking hĕŭrtæ
Diphthong height harmony feowur hĕŏrtæ hēran, hiyran
Back mutation sĕŏvun
Final reduction feowor sĕŏvon >! mōdor hĕŏrte fēt
Raising: ehs eht > ihs iht sihs
hs > ks siks
Late OE lowering: iu > eo þreo
iy > ȳ hȳran
Late Old English spelling ān twā þrēo fēowor fīf six seofon mōdor heorte hēran, hȳran fōt fēt
Middle English (ME) smoothing θrøː føːwor søvon hørte
ME final reduction føːwər søvən moːdər hørtə heːrən
ME a: æ: > ɔ: ɛ: ɔːn twɔː
-dər > -ðər moːðər
ME unexpected (?) vowel changes >! fiːv-ə >! hɛːrən
ME diphthong changes >! fowər
Late ME unrounding θreː sevən hertə
Late Middle English spelling (c. 1350) oon two three fower five six seven mother herte heere(n) foot feet
Late ME final reduction (late 1300s) >! fowr fiːv hert hɛːr
Late ME /er/ > /ar/ (1400s)[1] hart
Late ME Great Vowel Shift (c. 1400-1550) oːn >! wʊn twoː θriː fəiv muːðər heːr fuːt fiːt
Early Modern English (EModE) smoothing foːr
EModE raising /woː/ > /wuː/ > /uː/[2] tuː
EModE shortening mʊðər
EModE /ʊ/ > /ʌ/ wʌn mʌðər
EModE shortening fʊt
Later vowel shifts fɔːr faiv sɪks hɑrt hiːr
Loss of -r (regional) fɔː mʌðə hɑːt hiə
Modern pronunciation wʌn tuː θriː fɔː(r) faiv sɪks sevən mʌðə(r) hɑrt/hɑːt hiːr/hiə fʊt fiːt
one two three four five six seven mother heart hear foot feet

NOTE: Some of the changes listed above as "unexpected" are more predictable than others. For example:

  • Some changes are morphological ones that move a word from a rare declension to a more common one, and hence are not so surprising: e.g. *þrī "three" >! *þriu (adding the common West Germanic feminine ending -u) and *Template:PIE "heart" (stem *Template:PIE) >! *Template:PIE (change from consonant stem to n-stem).
  • Some changes are assimilations that are unexpected but of a cross-linguistically common type, e.g. føːwər "four" >! fowər where **fewər would be expected by normal sound change. Assimilations involving adjacent numbers are especially common, e.g. *Template:PIE "four" >! *Template:PIE by assimilation to *Template:PIE "five" (in addition, /kʷ/ > /p/ is a cross-linguistically common sound change in general).
  • On the other extreme, the Early Modern English change of oːn "one" >! wʊn is almost completely mysterious. Note that the related words alone ( < all + one) and only ( < one + -ly) did not change.

References

  1. Dobson, E.J. (1957), English Pronunciation 1500–1700, London: Oxford University Press, p. 558
  2. Dobson, E.J. (1957), English Pronunciation 1500–1700, London: Oxford University Press, pp. 677–678